Latest
Story
23 April 2024
Power of Partnerships: The High Road for Sustainability in Thailand
Learn more
Speech
22 April 2024
International Mother Earth Day â UN Secretary-General's Message (22 April 2024)
Learn more
Press Release
08 April 2024
Global efforts needed to combat waste trafficking to Southeast Asia, new research by UNODC and UNEP reveals
Learn more
Latest
The Sustainable Development Goals in Thailand
The United Nations Country Team (UNCT) in Thailand is dedicated to advancing all the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), while emphasizing the importance of SDG localization, which brings the global agenda to the local level for effective impact. Amongst others, some highlights of our efforts encompass promoting integrated social protection for all (SDG 1.3), combatting non-communicable diseases (SDG 3.4), ensuring inclusive education, including migrant children (SDG 4.1), and advocating for women's participation in politics (SDG 5.5). We empower small to medium-sized enterprises and youth innovation, with a focus on business and human rights as well as digital transformation (SDG 8.3). Inclusive growth extends to marginalized groups, including the LGBTI community (SDG 10.2), while migration governance promotes safe, regular, and orderly migration (SDG 10.7). Our endeavors encompass implementing climate change strategies (SDG 13.2), solid waste management (SDG 11.6), and greening industry through promoting low carbon transition and finance among SMEs (SDG 7.2). Additionally, we strongly advocate for ensuring access to rights through inclusive citizenship (SDG 16.9), and share Thailand's experiences and best practices (SDG 17.9) through South-South and Triangular Cooperation. Through these collaborative efforts, we embark on a transformative journey to create a sustainable, inclusive, and prosperous Thailand.
Take Action
15 August 2023
Energy tips for your home
Much of our electricity and heat are still powered by coal, oil, and gas. How can you reduce the carbon footprint of your home? Find out here!
1 of 5
1 of 5
Publication
05 February 2024
2023 UN Thailand Annual Results Report
The Annual Results Report provides a high-level narrative of the UN Country Teamâs contributions to accelerating the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at scale in partnership with the government, private sector, and civil society. Individually each of the 21 UN agencies brings its own specialized area of expertise; together they contribute comprehensively to the Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework with Thailand. In support of this framework the UN brings to bear technical, normative and policy solutions to facilitate Thailandâs transformation into a more equitable, inclusive, and prosperous nation in alignment with its national priorities.
In tandem, the UN has maximized its convening role through the Global Compact Network in Thailand, whose commitments on carbon neutrality, biodiversity conservation and human capital investment is raising ambition for the industrial, business, and agricultural sectors. The UN Country Team has taken the localization of SDGs countrywide in partnership with the 77 Governors for the benefit of all, including the most vulnerable. Together with the government, the UN has also bolstered South-South Triangular Cooperation to take best practices from Thailand to the regional and global stage.
Among its primary aims, the UN is contributing to lowering emissions, generating carbon credits, boosting digitization to upskill the labor force, including people with disabilities, and reducing informality. In the spirit of leaving no one behind it offers solutions to empower youth and women, promote human rights, ensure the wellbeing of migrants and refugees, and leverage digital healthcare solutions to expand their reach to the remotest of villages.
By continuing to work closely with all stakeholders, the UN will intensify its efforts in the next year to support Thailand to fast-track the achievement of the SDGs. It expresses gratitude to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National Economic and Social Development Council, and Line Ministries, as well as the private sector and civil society for their continued partnerships.
1 of 5
Story
27 April 2023
'สภาŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูย-ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸' สิŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸
ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš 28 ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸Šŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ 'วูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľ' ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ (ILO) ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยฯ ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ 2545 ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ˇŕ¸
Keypoint:
วูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľ รŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ľŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´
ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ľŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ2532 ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš 28 ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸Šŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Ťŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Ťŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ľŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ (International Commemoration Day for Dead and Injured Workers) ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ๠มาŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ 100 ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľ
ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľ ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Žŕšŕ¸ŕ¸° ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸° ลิยาŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸° ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ บลิภาŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš
ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸¸-ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ą ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ (Rana Plaza) ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸Ą ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ 1,132 ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ 2,500 ŕ¸ŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ą ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ Rana Plaza ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸
ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľ ล฾ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ 2.9 ฼ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ 8,000 ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸
ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Ąŕ¸šŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸¨ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸¨ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸¨ŕ¸Łŕ¸Šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕ¸.ศ. 2565 ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ ายŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸
ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸Ą? ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸ 186 ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ สŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Ą ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ľŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕš
ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ (OSH) ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸
ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ą ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸¨ŕ¸Łŕ¸Šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸¨ŕ¸Łŕ¸Šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸
"ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ą สิŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸¨ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸Šŕ¸˛ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ą ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸"
ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ľŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ บลิภาŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ล฾ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ บลิภาภล฾ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ล฾ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ิŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ąŕš (recycle) ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ บลิภาŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕš รวลŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ล฾ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸¨ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸
สิŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ą ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸˘ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸
สรŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ą-วูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸
ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Ľŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸ľŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ รวลŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าภญาŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸šŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸Ąŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸
สญภาŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ล฾ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸
ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ł ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ż ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ รวลŕ¸ŕ¸śŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸˘ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸
ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸ˇŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¨ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸¸ สŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕ¸˛ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸šŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸¸ ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸šŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸
สภาŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูยŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ รูŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ľ ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ สญภาŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Šŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕš ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸
"ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ťŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Ąŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸˘ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸§ŕ¸Ą ŕ¸ŕ¸śŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸Ťŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸Şŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕ¸´ŕ¸Ąŕ¸Şŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Şŕ¸Łŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸˘ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Ąŕšŕ¸Ľŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸Ąŕ¸ľŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸Şŕ¸łŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸"
ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸
ŕšŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕšŕ¸˘ŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸: สุŕ¸ŕ¸ าภŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ ูย สิŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ˇŕšŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ สภาŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸Ą ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ľŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ąŕ¸˘
1 of 5
Story
23 April 2024
Power of Partnerships: The High Road for Sustainability in Thailand
Departing Thailand, the "Land of Smiles," with the last echoes of Songkran, the Thai New Year festival, fading behind me, I felt a deep sense of gratitude. During my four years as the UN Resident Coordinator, the UN Country Teamâs 21 agencies, working in partnership with the government, private sector, civil society, and young people to accelerate progress on the Sustainable Development Goals. This fills me with a sense of purpose as I carry forward my experiences and the inspirations that Iâve witnessed in this upper-middle-income country.Essentially, Iâve seen how strategic UN Country Team partnerships turn goals into real-world actions. Evidence shows that when governments, businesses, civil society, and the UN come together, we unlock solutions, amplify green financing, and achieve transformative results. Here are a few examples from my time in Thailand. Turning goals into actionIn April, Thailand celebrated the success of its waste bank partnership initiative. This broad-based collaboration between the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and UN tackles climate change by promoting local participation in establishing waste banks.To date, 7,773 local communities have waste banks in place to boost the recycling rates of paper, plastic, and aluminum, while reducing waste by 4 percentage points. With the participation of two Deputy Prime Ministers and 76 provincial governors, the partnership is also scaling up waste segregation and collection in 14 million rural households while reducing annual carbon emissions by 550,000 tons per year. This generates valuable carbon credits for communities to reinvest in vital local infrastructure. To accelerate progress on the SDGs at the local level, the partnership also aims to empower communities by promoting sustainable livelihoods. In one initiative spearheaded by Her Royal Highness Princess Sirivannavari Nariratana Rajakanya, two million women weavers are receiving upskilling from top Thai designers to upscale sustainable fashion, including the use of natural dyes as well as traditional designs and motifs. By reducing their carbon footprints, Thai fabrics become more competitive globally, ensuring continued livelihoods for women weavers while bolstering the creative economy.Business as a force for goodBeyond its role in convening partners, the UN also acts as a catalyst by bringing to bear cutting-edge expertise and resources to accelerate the SDGs. For instance, the UN is working with the Government of Thailand on sustainable forest management, thereby contributing to a 4.2 per cent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Its collaboration with the Ministry of Industry and private sector contributes to another 2.6 per cent reduction in emissions in support of deep decarbonization. The UN leverages its partnership with the private sector primarily through the Global Compact Network in Thailand, which has pledged to invest $46.2 billion towards the 2030 Agenda, support the protection of a third of Thailandâs land and marine areas, and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. These commitments demonstrate that sustainability can be synonymous with good business practices and robust bottom lines.A similar shift towards sustainability is taking place among bankers, investors, and asset managers through dialogues facilitated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and UN. The countryâs financial sector, with combined assets worth $1.3 trillion, has committed to responsible investments in alignment with the SDGs and the Paris Climate Agreement. These green investments have the potential to transform Thailandâs economic landscape.Leaving with hopeDuring my four years in Thailand, we have sought to deepen the UNâs engagement with young people to draw on their insights and innovative ideas. This year, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and UN brought together all university-level Model UN clubs in Thailand for a dialogue on âThe Future of Sustainability.â The event was attended by the UN Assistant Secretary-General for Youth Affairs, which provided an opportunity for young people to interact with a top UN official about issues that are most important to them. It also paved the way for exploring how Thailandâs Model UN network can meaningfully contribute to the upcoming Summit of the Future.As I depart, I am filled with optimism for what Thailand can achieve, as it leads the region towards a more sustainable and equitable future. The UN stands ready to remain a steadfast ally during this ongoing journey and is grateful to every one of its partners who are making SDG progress a reality. The images of the ever-evolving hand-reeled and handwoven fabric, a symbol of Thailandâs vibrant spirit, will always be etched in my mind and heart as a testament to four wonderful years working together for a better future. This blog was written by Ms. Gita Sabharwal, who served as UN Resident Coordinator for Thailand from 2020 to 2024. To learn more about the work of the UN in Thailand visit thailand.un.org
1 of 5
Story
08 April 2024
Global efforts needed to combat waste trafficking to Southeast Asia, new research by UNODC and UNEP reveals
Bangkok (Thailand), 2 April 2024 - A first-ever mapping of waste trafficking trends from Europe to Southeast Asia has been published today. Produced by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), the new research sheds light on how criminal actors exploit legal trade and regulatory and enforcement loopholes for financial gain. It also explores the negative impact this crime has on the global circular economy.Southeast Asia remains a key destination for illicit waste shipments, the report reveals, with Europe, North America, and Asia identified as primary regions of origin. Common tactics include false declarations, a lack of or incorrect notifications to circumvent regulations and avoid controls, along with missing or inadequate licenses or documents. âIn todayâs globalized world, waste management has become an increasingly pressing concern in which production, consumption habits, waste crime, waste trafficking, corruption, organized crime, money laundering, and the circular economy are intertwined,â said Masood Karimipour, UNODC Regional Representative for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. âThe crime of waste trafficking is taking away the value that legal, well-regulated waste trade brings to sustainable economies.âData collected from four Southeast Asian countries, three major European Union ports, and international enforcement operations highlight efforts in tackling illegal waste shipments by both origin and destination countries. However, despite regulatory and enforcement measures implemented by countries in which illegal waste ends up â such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Viet Nam â waste trafficking continues to pose a major challenge in the region. âWaste trafficking is a crime that has a profound impact on the environment, bringing high profits and low risks to perpetrators. If we are to fight this crime, we must change this by closing regulatory gaps, increasing enforcement, and strengthening cooperation at home and abroad,â said Preeyaporn Suwannaked, Director General of the Pollution Control Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Thailand.The report, titled Turning the Tide: A Look Into the European Union-to-Southeast Asia Waste Trafficking Wave, is a flagship within a series of publications that explore corruption, cybercrime, and legal loopholes as causes behind the problem. It is part of a comprehensive project (Unwaste) to address waste trafficking and its impact on the global circular economy.âThe environmental impacts of waste trafficking are contributing to the pollution crisis and need to be addressed. To do this, we must pursue good environmental governance and robust environmental rule of law. Projects such as Unwasteare critical in tackling issues through a multi-sector, multi-disciplinary approach. UNEP is proud to be part of the project, which advances solutions aimed at ensuring a healthy planet and a sustainable future,â said Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Director of the Law Division in UNEP.Key types of waste trafficked include plastic, e-waste, metal, and paper, with mixed materials, textiles, vehicle parts, industrial, and medical waste also frequently encountered. Upon arrival at destination, take-back or repatriation procedures are a major challenge as shipments often cannot be traced to their countries of origin. Abandoned or unclaimed containers at ports exacerbate the issue, further complicating enforcement and investigation efforts. As a result, most waste ends up in illegal landfills, the ocean, or burnt in the open.Often, penalties are disproportionately low compared to the potential environmental and health damage inflicted on destination countries. The research also shows a concerning lack of available data to assess the full scale of waste trafficking and identify the connections between criminal actors involved.The report, which has been financed by the European Union, stresses the urgent need for further regulatory reforms, enhanced international cooperation, capacity development, research, and data along with stricter enforcement measures to combat waste trafficking effectively. Click here to access the main report, Turning the Tide: A Look Into the European-Union-to-Southeast Asia Waste Trafficking Wave.Click here to access the report, Web of Waste Investigating the Risk of Waste Crimes in Cyber-Space.Click here to access the main report, Legal Frameworks to Address Waste Trafficking in the ASEAN region â Review and Gap Analysis.Click here to access the main report, Cash in the Trash The Role of Corruption, Organized Crime and Money Laundering in Waste Trafficking.Click here to learn more about the Unwaste project.For media enquiries, please contact Laura Gil, UNODC Communications Officer, at laura.gil[at]un.org
1 of 5
Story
26 March 2024
New EU-UN âPROTECTâ project supports women migrant workers and children in Southeast Asia
A new initiative launched by the European Union (EU) and the United Nations (UN) will help strengthen the rights of women migrant workers and children in Southeast Asia, while reducing their vulnerabilities.Bangkok, 26 March 2024 - The European Union (EU) announces a financial support of ⏠13 million to the United Nations (UN) for a new initiative called âPROTECTâ, which aims to strengthen the rights of women migrant workers, children, and at-risk groups in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.
The three-year PROTECT project will promote decent work and reduce vulnerabilities of those at risk by ensuring labour rights, preventing, and responding to violence against women and children, human trafficking and migrant smuggling.
H.E. Mr David Daly, Ambassador of the European Union to Thailand said, âPeople worldwide are forced to leave their homes in search of opportunities and better lives. Along their journey in transit and at their destination, women migrant workers and children are at a higher risk. We are proud to continue supporting our UN partners in this new project aimed at addressing a global phenomenon at the regional level. Together with Thailand and other partner countries in the region, we will provide protection for women and children, strengthen migration governance, tackle human trafficking and migrant smuggling, as well as develop legal pathways for sustainable migration policy.â
There are 10.6 million migrants in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, of whom nearly half are women and 1.3 million are children. Migrants, especially those in low wage occupations, face many challenges including labour exploitation, human trafficking, violence and harassment. Women migrant workers are also more likely to end up in informal sectors where they are offered temporary jobs and little to no social protection. Children accompanying migrant workers face a high risk of abuse, exploitation and trafficking as well as inadequate access to child protection services.
âPROTECTâ project will be implemented by four UN agencies namely the International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
The agencies will work with relevant stakeholders in four Southeast Asian countries to strengthen laws and policies, improve capacities and mechanisms to better protect target groupsâ rights and increase access to information and services.
Commending the deepening partnership in Thailand by the Government, EU and UN as âa significant milestoneâ on migrant rights, Gita Sabharwal, the UN Resident Coordinator, said, âThis joint EU-UN initiative will be crucial to advancing our common goal of protecting vulnerable migrant women and children. This is critical as nearly half of all migrant workers in the region are women while another 1.3 million are children. Safe migration with decent work enriches ASEAN by promoting sustainable growth and raising living standards for millions of households, especially the most disadvantaged. Equally important is to bring the private sector into dialogues on human rights due diligence. This enables the creation of safe and decent workspaces with an emphasis on women, especially in industries where they are at risk of exploitation.â
Noting the significance of the new project to the region, Chihoko Asada-Miyakawa, ILO Assistant Director General and Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific said, âLabour migration is a driver of economic and social development in countries of origin and destination, benefiting migrant workers, communities and employers alike. Migration governance policies and approaches need to be gender responsive , more inclusive and in line with international labour standards if we are to provide the protection and access to decent work that migrants deserve, which is critical for social justice.â
"Addressing the pervasive issue of violence and harassment against women migrant workers in Southeast Asia is imperative. Through this joint project, we will continue to champion their rights, safety, and dignity, working towards a future where all women migrants can live and work free from fear and exploitation,â said Alia El-Yassir, UN Women Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific.
âChildren on the move are incredibly vulnerable, especially in the context of labour migration,â said Debora Comini, UNICEF Regional Director for East Asia and the Pacific. âThey risk exploitation, abuse and violence; they are deprived of access to education, health, and social protection. Migration policies and practices must be child-sensitive and uphold the rights and best interest of every child, regardless of their migration status.â
âTo break the cycle of exploitation and abuse, the protection of victims of trafficking and smuggled migrants before and during the criminal justice process is critical,â said Masood Karimipour, UNODCâs Regional Representative for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. âUnder this new project, UNODC will build on its work with law enforcement and justice counterparts in the region, ensuring that victimsâ rights continue to be upheld and criminals held to account.â
The PROTECT project, which runs until December 2026, builds on the results and lessons learnt from two earlier EU-funded projects: âSafe and Fair: Realizing women migrant workersâ rights and opportunities in the ASEAN regionâ, which was implemented by ILO and UN Women, in collaboration with UNODC from 2018 to 2023 and âProtecting Children Affected by Migration in Southeast, South and Central Asiaâ implemented by UNICEF from 2018 to 2022. For further information, please contact:Thanaporn Saleephol
Press and Information Officer, Delegation of the European Union to Thailand
Email: delegation-thailand-pi[@]eeas.europa.eu
Tel.: +66 2 305 2662
Steve Needham
ILO Asia-Pacific Senior Communication Officer
Email: needham[@]ilo.org
Tel.: +66 2 288 2482
Laura Gil
UNODC Communications Officer
Email: laura.gil[@]un.org
Tel.: +66 61 173 0864
Diego De La Rosa
UN Women Regional Communications Specialist
Email: diego.delarosa[@]unwomen.org
Tel.: +66995037177
The three-year PROTECT project will promote decent work and reduce vulnerabilities of those at risk by ensuring labour rights, preventing, and responding to violence against women and children, human trafficking and migrant smuggling.
H.E. Mr David Daly, Ambassador of the European Union to Thailand said, âPeople worldwide are forced to leave their homes in search of opportunities and better lives. Along their journey in transit and at their destination, women migrant workers and children are at a higher risk. We are proud to continue supporting our UN partners in this new project aimed at addressing a global phenomenon at the regional level. Together with Thailand and other partner countries in the region, we will provide protection for women and children, strengthen migration governance, tackle human trafficking and migrant smuggling, as well as develop legal pathways for sustainable migration policy.â
There are 10.6 million migrants in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, of whom nearly half are women and 1.3 million are children. Migrants, especially those in low wage occupations, face many challenges including labour exploitation, human trafficking, violence and harassment. Women migrant workers are also more likely to end up in informal sectors where they are offered temporary jobs and little to no social protection. Children accompanying migrant workers face a high risk of abuse, exploitation and trafficking as well as inadequate access to child protection services.
âPROTECTâ project will be implemented by four UN agencies namely the International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
The agencies will work with relevant stakeholders in four Southeast Asian countries to strengthen laws and policies, improve capacities and mechanisms to better protect target groupsâ rights and increase access to information and services.
Commending the deepening partnership in Thailand by the Government, EU and UN as âa significant milestoneâ on migrant rights, Gita Sabharwal, the UN Resident Coordinator, said, âThis joint EU-UN initiative will be crucial to advancing our common goal of protecting vulnerable migrant women and children. This is critical as nearly half of all migrant workers in the region are women while another 1.3 million are children. Safe migration with decent work enriches ASEAN by promoting sustainable growth and raising living standards for millions of households, especially the most disadvantaged. Equally important is to bring the private sector into dialogues on human rights due diligence. This enables the creation of safe and decent workspaces with an emphasis on women, especially in industries where they are at risk of exploitation.â
Noting the significance of the new project to the region, Chihoko Asada-Miyakawa, ILO Assistant Director General and Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific said, âLabour migration is a driver of economic and social development in countries of origin and destination, benefiting migrant workers, communities and employers alike. Migration governance policies and approaches need to be gender responsive , more inclusive and in line with international labour standards if we are to provide the protection and access to decent work that migrants deserve, which is critical for social justice.â
"Addressing the pervasive issue of violence and harassment against women migrant workers in Southeast Asia is imperative. Through this joint project, we will continue to champion their rights, safety, and dignity, working towards a future where all women migrants can live and work free from fear and exploitation,â said Alia El-Yassir, UN Women Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific.
âChildren on the move are incredibly vulnerable, especially in the context of labour migration,â said Debora Comini, UNICEF Regional Director for East Asia and the Pacific. âThey risk exploitation, abuse and violence; they are deprived of access to education, health, and social protection. Migration policies and practices must be child-sensitive and uphold the rights and best interest of every child, regardless of their migration status.â
âTo break the cycle of exploitation and abuse, the protection of victims of trafficking and smuggled migrants before and during the criminal justice process is critical,â said Masood Karimipour, UNODCâs Regional Representative for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. âUnder this new project, UNODC will build on its work with law enforcement and justice counterparts in the region, ensuring that victimsâ rights continue to be upheld and criminals held to account.â
The PROTECT project, which runs until December 2026, builds on the results and lessons learnt from two earlier EU-funded projects: âSafe and Fair: Realizing women migrant workersâ rights and opportunities in the ASEAN regionâ, which was implemented by ILO and UN Women, in collaboration with UNODC from 2018 to 2023 and âProtecting Children Affected by Migration in Southeast, South and Central Asiaâ implemented by UNICEF from 2018 to 2022. For further information, please contact:Thanaporn Saleephol
Press and Information Officer, Delegation of the European Union to Thailand
Email: delegation-thailand-pi[@]eeas.europa.eu
Tel.: +66 2 305 2662
Steve Needham
ILO Asia-Pacific Senior Communication Officer
Email: needham[@]ilo.org
Tel.: +66 2 288 2482
Laura Gil
UNODC Communications Officer
Email: laura.gil[@]un.org
Tel.: +66 61 173 0864
Diego De La Rosa
UN Women Regional Communications Specialist
Email: diego.delarosa[@]unwomen.org
Tel.: +66995037177
1 of 5
Story
08 April 2024
Unseen Guardians: The Silent Struggle of Thailand's Women Informal Caregivers
Bangkok, 8 March 2024 â Every morning, as Ms. Wannee, a 63-year-old part-time nurse, greets the day, her routine unfolds with quiet dedication and deep affection. Living only with her 93-year-old mother, her life has transitioned from a busy nursing career to providing compassionate care for her beloved mother. Despite having siblings who are also capable of assisting, the mantle of primary caregiver has naturally fallen to her, the unmarried daughter with a nursing background. Their daily life is interwoven with moments of togetherness, from the simple act of cooking for her mother to sharing stories and ensuring her mother's comfort. On International Women's Day, we celebrate the quiet strength and resilience of Thailand's informal women caregivers, like Ms Wannee, who embody the spirit of dedication in an ageing society. Family members, especially womenâthe informal, unpaid carersâare the main carers of older persons in Thailand. They reduce the pressure on the countryâs health and social care systems for older persons by taking on long-term care responsibilities. These women, the unsung heroes, play a pivotal role in easing the load on our healthcare systems by providing tireless support to their older persons loved ones. Despite their invaluable contribution to a growing number of older persons, these caregivers often operate without substantial formal support. While the government recognizes the importance of healthy ageing, the key role of these dedicated caregivers in society also needs to be acknowledged. Thailand, home to approximately 13 million older persons, is at a crossroads, highlighting the urgency for long-term care policies that champion and include the welfare of these caregivers.Ms. Wannee's commitment to her mother is a personal choice fuelled by love and a sense of familial responsibility. The governmentâs modest stipend of 1,000 baht, intended for older persons aged above 90, is a small acknowledgement of her role, but it's the emotional fulfilment and the opportunity to repay her motherâs past care that truly motivates her. Importantly, this allowance is respectfully used by her mother for personal pleasures, such as offerings to monks, buying snacks, or purchasing lottery tickets, rather than being spent by Ms. Wannee herself. "Itâs not about any financial aspect," she notes. "Itâs about being there for someone who once did the same for you." Her reflections on what her life might have been like without her caregiving responsibilities reveal a complex mix of emotions. "There might have been more personal freedom, perhaps more opportunities for career advancement and social interactions. But ensuring my mother's well-being brings a different kind of satisfaction," she shares.There are social and cultural factors that contribute to women taking on the majority of caregiving roles. These include traditional gender expectations and the perception of care work as an extension of women's domestic responsibilities. The World Health Organization (WHO) has pointed out the significant health burdens shouldered by informal caregivers, emphasizing the physical, emotional, and financial strains associated with this role. Ms. Wannee's narrative vividly illustrates the personal sacrifices entangled with caregiving, especially when much of the work goes relatively unnoticed.To address the plight of informal caregivers, Ms. Wannee calls for greater support, advocating for initiatives like peer support groups and respite care services. âI believe investing in women who, like myself, are informal caregivers for older or other needy persons is important. If we have support systems such as peer support groups and volunteers or staff who can provide appropriate respite care, we can more freely and fully pursue some of the activities that we want to do. I believe I would see improvements in my physical and mental health and have more opportunities to participate in social activities with others. Ultimately, I think that taking care of older persons in the family is not the sole responsibility of women in the household, but everyone in the family and society should also help.âMs. Wannee hopes for a future where support for caregivers extends beyond token gestures, envisioning a community that offers stronger networks of support, including peer groups and respite care services. Such measures would not only acknowledge the invaluable work of caregivers but also provide them with much-needed relief and recognition.Echoing the call for action, Dr. Jos Vandelaer, WHO Representative to Thailand, emphasizes, "The dedication of unpaid informal caregivers is often overlooked as being one of the key service pillars of our healthcare system... It is essential that we come together as a society to address gender stereotyping of informal carers, provide the necessary support to address their needs, and give the clear recognition that these women deserve."This International Womenâs Day, let's honour Thailand's women's informal caregivers with more than words. Let's commit to real change, ensuring they receive the recognition, support, and appreciation they rightly deserve. Let's shine a light on these unseen guardians who bring warmth and care to our older people's lives every day.Original article published on WHO
1 of 5
Story
08 April 2024
One in eight people are now living with obesity
Geneva, 1 March 2024 â New study released by the Lancet shows that, in 2022, more than 1 billion people in the world are now living with obesity. Worldwide, obesity among adults has more than doubled since 1990, and has quadrupled among children and adolescents (5 to 19 years of age). The data also show that 43% of adults were overweight in 2022.The study also shows that even though the rates of undernutrition have dropped, it is still a public health challenge in many places, particularly in South-East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.Countries with the highest combined rates of underweight and obesity in 2022 were island nations in the Pacific and the Caribbean and those in the Middle East and North Africa.Malnutrition, in all its forms, includes undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight), inadequate vitamins or minerals, overweight and obesity. Undernutrition is responsible for half of the deaths of children under 5 and obesity can cause noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and some cancers.WHO has contributed to the data collection and analysis of this study. The full dataset is now also disseminated through the Global Health Observatory.âThis new study highlights the importance of preventing and managing obesity from early life to adulthood, through diet, physical activity, and adequate care, as needed,â said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. âGetting back on track to meet the global targets for curbing obesity will take the work of governments and communities, supported by evidence-based policies from WHO and national public health agencies. Importantly, it requires the cooperation of the private sector, which must be accountable for the health impacts of their productsâ.Obesity is a complex chronic disease. The causes are well understood, as are the interventions needed to contain the crisis, which are backed by strong evidence. However, they are not implemented. At the World Health Assembly in 2022 Member States adopted the WHO Acceleration plan to stop obesity, which supports country-level action through 2030. To date, 31 governments are now leading the way to curb the obesity epidemic by implementing the plan.The core interventions are:
⢠actions to support healthy practices from day 1, including breastfeeding promotion, protection and support;
⢠regulations on the harmful marketing of food and beverages to children;
⢠school food and nutrition policies, including initiatives to regulate the sales of products high in fats, sugars and salt in proximity of schools;
⢠fiscal and pricing policies to promote healthy diets;
⢠nutrition labelling policies;
⢠public education and awareness campaigns for healthy diets and exercise;
⢠standards for physical activity in schools; and
⢠integration of obesity prevention and management services into primary health care."There are significant challenges in implementing policies aimed at ensuring affordable access to healthy diets for all and creating environments that promote physical activity and overall healthy lifestyles for everyone," stated Dr Francesco Branca, Director of WHOâs Nutrition and Food Safety Department and one of the co-authors of the study. "Countries should also ensure that health systems integrate the prevention and management of obesity into the basic package of services."Addressing undernutrition requires multisectoral action in agriculture, social protection and health, to reduce food insecurity, improve access to clean water and sanitation and ensure universal access to essential nutrition interventions.Original article published on WHO
⢠actions to support healthy practices from day 1, including breastfeeding promotion, protection and support;
⢠regulations on the harmful marketing of food and beverages to children;
⢠school food and nutrition policies, including initiatives to regulate the sales of products high in fats, sugars and salt in proximity of schools;
⢠fiscal and pricing policies to promote healthy diets;
⢠nutrition labelling policies;
⢠public education and awareness campaigns for healthy diets and exercise;
⢠standards for physical activity in schools; and
⢠integration of obesity prevention and management services into primary health care."There are significant challenges in implementing policies aimed at ensuring affordable access to healthy diets for all and creating environments that promote physical activity and overall healthy lifestyles for everyone," stated Dr Francesco Branca, Director of WHOâs Nutrition and Food Safety Department and one of the co-authors of the study. "Countries should also ensure that health systems integrate the prevention and management of obesity into the basic package of services."Addressing undernutrition requires multisectoral action in agriculture, social protection and health, to reduce food insecurity, improve access to clean water and sanitation and ensure universal access to essential nutrition interventions.Original article published on WHO
1 of 5
Press Release
08 April 2024
Global efforts needed to combat waste trafficking to Southeast Asia, new research by UNODC and UNEP reveals
Bangkok (Thailand), 2 April 2024 - A first-ever mapping of waste trafficking trends from Europe to Southeast Asia has been published today. Produced by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), the new research sheds light on how criminal actors exploit legal trade and regulatory and enforcement loopholes for financial gain. It also explores the negative impact this crime has on the global circular economy.Southeast Asia remains a key destination for illicit waste shipments, the report reveals, with Europe, North America, and Asia identified as primary regions of origin. Common tactics include false declarations, a lack of or incorrect notifications to circumvent regulations and avoid controls, along with missing or inadequate licenses or documents. âIn todayâs globalized world, waste management has become an increasingly pressing concern in which production, consumption habits, waste crime, waste trafficking, corruption, organized crime, money laundering, and the circular economy are intertwined,â said Masood Karimipour, UNODC Regional Representative for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. âThe crime of waste trafficking is taking away the value that legal, well-regulated waste trade brings to sustainable economies.âData collected from four Southeast Asian countries, three major European Union ports, and international enforcement operations highlight efforts in tackling illegal waste shipments by both origin and destination countries. However, despite regulatory and enforcement measures implemented by countries in which illegal waste ends up â such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Viet Nam â waste trafficking continues to pose a major challenge in the region. âWaste trafficking is a crime that has a profound impact on the environment, bringing high profits and low risks to perpetrators. If we are to fight this crime, we must change this by closing regulatory gaps, increasing enforcement, and strengthening cooperation at home and abroad,â said Preeyaporn Suwannaked, Director-General of the Pollution Control Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Thailand.The report, titled Turning the Tide: A Look Into the European Union-to-Southeast Asia Waste Trafficking Wave, is a flagship within a series of publications that explore corruption, cybercrime, and legal loopholes as causes behind the problem. It is part of a comprehensive project (Unwaste) to address waste trafficking and its impact on the global circular economy.âThe environmental impacts of waste trafficking are contributing to the pollution crisis and need to be addressed. To do this, we must pursue good environmental governance and robust environmental rule of law. Projects such as Unwasteare critical in tackling issues through a multi-sector, multi-disciplinary approach. UNEP is proud to be part of the project, which advances solutions aimed at ensuring a healthy planet and a sustainable future,â said Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Director of the Law Division in UNEP.Key types of waste trafficked include plastic, e-waste, metal, and paper, with mixed materials, textiles, vehicle parts, industrial, and medical waste also frequently encountered. Upon arrival at destination, take-back or repatriation procedures are a major challenge as shipments often cannot be traced to their countries of origin. Abandoned or unclaimed containers at ports exacerbate the issue, further complicating enforcement and investigation efforts. As a result, most waste ends up in illegal landfills, the ocean, or burnt in the open. Often, penalties are disproportionately low compared to the potential environmental and health damage inflicted on destination countries. The research also shows a concerning lack of available data to assess the full scale of waste trafficking and identify the connections between criminal actors involved.The report, which has been financed by the European Union, stresses the urgent need for further regulatory reforms, enhanced international cooperation, capacity development, research, and data along with stricter enforcement measures to combat waste trafficking effectively.Click here to access the report series.
1 of 5
Press Release
09 January 2024
High-ranking UN FAO Delegation begins Official visit to Thailand
During this Official visit, the Director-General and delegation will pay courtesy calls on the Prime Minister of Thailand, Srettha Thavisin, and also the Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thamanat Prompao.
Quâs delegation, visiting from FAO headquarters in Rome, is travelling to a number of important sites, in and around the Thai capital, involving the Kingdomâs food systems transformation. Qu is joined by his Assistant Director-General and FAO Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific, Jong-Jin Kim. FAOâs Chief Economist, Maximo Torero has also joined the delegation.
Thailand and FAO â a long and strong relationship, helping to feed a hungry world.
The Kingdom of Thailand, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, have enjoyed a long and productive relationship. As a Member Nation of FAO, Thailand has also been hosting the FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific in the Thai capital Bangkok since 1953.
âThis visit to Thailand by the FAO Director-General, Dr QU Dongyu, is highly emblematic of the continuing and strengthening relationship between the Kingdom of Thailand and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),â said Kim.
During their Mission to Thailand, the FAO delegation will visit a number of important sites, including Bang Kachao, known locally as Bangkokâs âgreen lungâ, due to its location within the bustling city and its thriving mangrove ecosystem. The initiative is supported by the Royal Forestry Department and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.
Also planned are visits to Talaad Thai Market, the largest food wholesale operation in Southeast Asia, and also to the governmentâs Department of Fisheriesâ Monitoring Centre, where vessels are tracked using latest technology and innovation as part of Thailandâs contribution in support of the âAgreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishingâ. Thailand is a party to the PSMA.
Among other highlights, the delegation will visit the governmentâs Land Development Department, steward of the Soil Museum, and advances in soil technology. The commitment of Thailand to aid and collaborate with other countries in advancing sustainable soil management led to the establishment of the Center of Excellence for Soil Research in Asia (CESRA) under the Asian Soil Partnership in 2019. The Land Development Department, within the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, has invested significant efforts in CESRA's operation, and FAO has provided continuous support, both technically and financially.
The delegation will also visit an FAO Reference Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, at the cityâs Chulalongkorn University. FAOâs work with counterparts at the FAO Reference Centre and its laboratory is helping Thailand and the region deal with the growing problem of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
The original press release is published on FAO
1 of 5
Press Release
06 December 2023
First-ever Assistant Secretary-General for Youth Affairs takes the helm at newly established United Nations Youth Office
Following the recommendation in the Secretary-General's groundbreaking report "Our Common Agenda", Member States unanimously agreed to the establishment of the UN Youth Office as a dedicated entity for youth affairs within the Secretariat, building upon more than a decade of work led by the Secretary-General's Envoys on Youth, and marking a pivotal breakthrough for the revitalization and expansion of the UN's engagement with and for youth.
Over many decades, the UN has made significant strides in advancing the rights and opportunities of young people. Youth empowerment is not just a matter of equity; it holds immense social and economic potential. Empowering young people drives vibrant societies, fosters innovation, and accelerates progress.
Yet, disparities affecting youth persist in every corner of the world. Young people face challenges such as limited access to education, employment and health services, and their voices often go unheard in decision-making processes.
"We are establishing a United Nations Youth Office in the UN Secretariat â building on nearly a decade of important work done by the two Envoys on Youth â to advance efforts towards stronger advocacy, coordination, and accountability for and with young people," said UN Secretary-General AntoĚnio Guterres.
The establishment of the UN Youth Office marks a pivotal breakthrough for the revitalization and expansion of the UN's engagement with and for youth, with a focus on addressing these challenges and opportunities.
Guided by the UNâs systemwide youth strategy, Youth2030, the UN Youth Office will lead efforts to enhance collaboration, coordination and accountability on youth affairs, ensuring that the United Nations works effectively and inclusively with young people in all their diversity.
Through the fostering of multi-stakeholder intergenerational solidarity, the UN Youth Office's mission focuses on strengthening meaningful, inclusive and effective youth engagement across all pillars of the UNâs work, including sustainable development, human rights, and peace and security.
On 28 October 2023, the Secretary-General announced Dr. Felipe Paullier as the first Assistant Secretary-General for Youth Affairs. Dr. Paullier officially assumes his mandate today, becoming the youngest ever senior appointment in the history of the UN.
âWith the establishment of the UN Youth Office, we mark the start of a new era for the UN system,â said Dr. Felipe Paullier, Assistant Secretary-General for Youth Affairs. âAs I assume my mandate, I am eager to begin meeting with young people from all corners of the world, both virtually and on-the-ground in their communities. Learning from young peopleâs experiences over the coming months will be critical in helping me to shape an action plan for the new Youth Office that ensures no young person is left behind.â
Dr. Paullier was previously the Director General of the National Youth Institute of Uruguay, a position he held since 2020. Prior to that, he served in various political management positions, including as Deputy Mayor in the Municipality of the CH jurisdiction of Montevideo (2015-2020) and Alternate Counsellor in the Montevideo Departmental Legislative Court (2010-2015). Dr. Paullier is a Medical Doctor specialized in Pediatrics by training.
About the UN Youth Office
As an unwavering champion and advocate for young people everywhere, the UN Youth Office envisions a world in which all young people are meaningfully engaged in the decisions that affect them most. We lead system-wide collaboration, coordination and accountability on youth affairs, harmonizing the ways the United Nations works with and for young people in all their diversity. By fostering multi-stakeholder intergenerational solidarity, our work focuses on strengthening meaningful, inclusive and effective youth engagement in the areas of sustainable development, human rights, and peace and security. For more information, follow @UNYouthAffairs on social media.
For press enquiries:
Matthew Hunter
matthew.hunter@un.org
+1 (631) 829-4275
1 of 5
Press Release
30 November 2023
Thailand among Asia Enforcement Awards winners tackling scourge of transboundary environmental crime
Transboundary environmental crime presents a serious threat in the Asia region. Illegal trade in wildlife undermines conservation efforts, harms economies, devastates livelihoods, and compromises ecosystems on which humans depend. The Asia region is also a destination for illegal transboundary movement of chemicals and waste.
âGovernmental authorities working on environmental enforcement issues are on the frontline of efforts to combat transboundary environmental crime. Through this yearâs Awards, we are recognizing and celebrating their critical and essential role and effort in doing so,â said Georgina Lloyd, UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Coordinator for Environmental Law and Governance for Asia and the Pacific.
The 2023 Awards were organized by the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), the Secretariat of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention), the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UNEP, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the World Customs Organization (WCO). The award ceremony was held alongside the Global Wildlife Programme conference organized by the World Bank.
âThe work of the award winners transcends boundaries and sets a benchmark for excellence. They are not only enforcing the law, but also safeguarding our environment, biodiversity, and the ecological balance of our planet,â said Akiko Yamamoto, UNDP Regional Environment and Energy Team Leader for Asia and the Pacific.
Jenna Dawson-Faber, Regional Programme Coordinator for Asia-Pacific, UNODC Global Programme on Crimes that Affect the Environment, said that the Asian Environmental Enforcement Award winners ârepresent the epitome of dedication to our shared values and planet. Their accomplishments serve as a testament to the importance of diversity and thoughtfulness in leadership and the collaborative commitment needed to combat crimes that affect the environment across borders and continents.â
The 2023 winners of the Asia Environmental Enforcement Awards are:
National Central Bureau Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Police, Tanzania and National Central Bureau Bangkok, Royal Thai Police, Thailand
Category: Africa â Asia collaboration
The Tanzania Police and Royal Thai Police, collaborating through INTERPOLâs National Central Bureau (NCB) system, successfully apprehended suspects under investigation for wildlife crimes. In July 2022, the Tanzania Police contacted the Royal Thai Police via the NCB system concerning a passenger entering Thailand via Suvarnabhumi International Airport, Bangkok. Upon inspection, 116 live tortoises, with a combined estimated worth of 900,000 Thai baht (approximately USD 24,590 at the time), were found hidden in the passengerâs luggage. Among the tortoises were the critically endangered Radiated Tortoise and Pancake Tortoise. The tortoises were seized, handed over to wildlife officials, and transferred to the Bang Pra Water Bird Breeding Center in Chonburi Province, Thailand.
Ms. Jewel Padullon, Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources Region XIII
Category: Gender Leadership
Ms. Padullon has played a pivotal role in the series of surveillance and apprehensions throughout the Caraga Administrative Region on the island of Mindanao as part of the implementation of the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resourcesâ anti-illegal logging activities. She has demonstrated exceptional leadership in investigating highly known hotspots for the illegal sale of Xanthostemon verdugonianus, commonly known as mangkono or âPhilippine ironwood,â which is classified as âvulnerableâ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Community Rangers Program, Department of Wildlife and National Parks of Peninsular Malaysia
Category: Collaboration
The Department of Wildlife and National Parks of Peninsular Malaysia Community Rangers program, launched in 2020, is comprised of Malaysian Army and Royal Malaysia Police veterans, indigenous peoples and local communities. In total, some 1,000 community rangers serve across 120 posts to combat poaching and encroachment on protected areas, including national parks, wildlife reserves and forest reserves. The diverse skills and experiences these groups bring have enhanced enforcement, with the initiative working to improve socio-economic conditions and reduce natural resource dependency.
Mr. Jagdish Bakan, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Wildlife Warden of Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and Director of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, India
Category: Impact (individual)
Under Mr. Bakanâs leadership as Wildlife Warden of Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and Director of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve in India, the Tamil Nadu Forest Department has taken concrete action to address the illegal commercial harvesting and trade in sea cucumber. The tonnage of seizures of illegally harvested sea cucumber has increased significantly year-over-year, serving to deter and disrupt transboundary wildlife crime. Mr. Bakan has also initiated enforcement action to prevent plastic from entering the ocean, establishing a self-sustaining and community-operated plastic check posts. Nearly 40 tonnes of plastic waste have been kept out of the ocean thanks to these efforts.
Joint Task Force on Risk Analysis and Enforcement, Anti-Smuggling Bureau, Risk Management Division and Shenzhen Post Office Customs, affiliates to Shenzhen Customs, China
Category: Innovation
Between 1 June 2022 and 30 June 2023, the Joint Task Force on Risk Analysis and Enforcement in Shenzhen, China supervised the customs clearance process of more than 20 million parcels and express couriers. Following initial review, 160,000 of these were targeted and selected for further examination, based on risk profiling and intelligence. As a result of the efforts of the Joint Task Force, 13 parcels suspected of wildlife trafficking were seized and four suspects were arrested in destination jurisdictions, thanks to cross-border controlled delivery.
Philippine National Police Maritime Group
Category: Impact (team)
The Philippine National Police Maritime Group has taken a proactive approach to wildlife law enforcement by actively engaging in cyber patrolling and surveillance on social media platforms. These measures have significantly contributed to the success of entrapment operations, allowing the group to identify and apprehend individuals involved in illegal wildlife activities conducted online. From June 2022 to May 2023, the Maritime Police executed 997 wildlife enforcement operations. These targeted operations led to the confiscation of 3,717 wildlife species. By effectively using technology to gather intelligence, the agency has bolstered its enforcement capabilities, leading to successful operations and apprehension of wildlife perpetrators.
NOTES TO EDITORS
About the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
UNEP is the leading global voice on the environment. It provides leadership and encourages partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.
About the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
With its Global Programme, UNODC supports just and effective responses to crimes that affect the environment, through comprehensive and coordinated efforts across and between all the actors in the criminal justice chain.
For more information, please contact:
David Cole, Public Information Officer, UNEP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
The original press release is published on UNEP.
1 of 5
Press Release
23 November 2023
Thailand partners recognize communitiesâ contribution to HIV response success
BANGKOK, (24 November 2023) â Today leaders working on HIV issues across Thailand came together to celebrate the meaningful contribution of communities to Thailandâs strong HIV response. The event was held ahead of World AIDS Day which will be commemorated on December 1 with the theme âLet Communities Leadâ. From the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Thailand (FCCT) in Bangkok, the group also called for full investment, policy and legal support in community leadership to accelerate progress and ensure no one is left behind.
Thailand is on track to meet the 95-95-95 Global AIDS Strategy testing and treatment targets by 2025. By the end of 2022 an estimated 90% of people living with HIV were aware of their status. Ninety percent (90%) of diagnosed people were on treatment and an impressive 97% of those on treatment achieved a suppressed viral load. Viral suppression (dramatically reducing the level of the virus in the blood) makes people living with HIV healthier and sharply reduces the chance that they pass on the virus. People with an undetectable viral load have zero chance of infecting others.
Thailand is fully committed to ending AIDS as a public health threat as part of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal agenda. The country is internationally recognized for its 'peer-to-peer' approach, initiated in 1996. This is a framework that allows people living with HIV (PLHIV) to support each other. This initiative has grown into a network encompassing district, provincial, and national levels, evolving into what is now known as the 'Comprehensive Care Center' (CCC). Currently, there are approximately 219 such CCC networks nationwide.
Surang Janyam, Chairperson of the Thai Non-Governmental Organization Coalition on AIDS (TNCA) and Director of the Service Workers in Group Foundation (SWING), emphasized the community's transformation from service recipients to co-providers, known as Community Health Workers, under Universal Health Coverage (UHC). This transition to Community-led Health Services marks a significant advancement in promoting community sustainability in the AIDS response.
Dr. Patchara Benjarattanaporn, Director of UNAIDS Thailand, underscored the critical role of community involvement in planning, service provision and advocacy.
âCommunitiesâ contributions are crucial due to their deep understanding of the needs and barriers faced by key and vulnerable groups such as men who have sex with men, migrants, people who use drugs, service workers, transgender people and youth,â Dr. Patchara said.
Dr. Yupadee Sirisinsuk, Deputy Secretary-General of the National Health Security Office (NHSO), stressed that Community-led Health Services are key to Thailand's strategy to end AIDS. In 2023, the NHSO allocates 575.7 million THB for HIV prevention with 182.25 million THB of this funding specifically earmarked to support community organizations and NGOs. This approach has successfully reached numerous individuals with HIV prevention and testing services, facilitating faster and more effective treatment access. Current 39 community organizations have registered and become service units with the NHSO.
Evidence from the Meeting Targets and Maintaining Epidemic Control project (EpiC), supported by Family Health International (FHI) and the U.S. government's USAID/PEPFAR program, shows that Key Population-led Health Services achieve far earlier detection of HIV cases when compared to the national average. (The national average CD4 count at initial diagnosis stands at 172 cells/mmÂł, while for people reached by key population-led health services it is 429 cells/mmÂł).
To ensure quality, the Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Ratchasuda College, Mahidol University, and the Institute for HIV Research and Innovation have developed training curriculums for Community Health Workers. While MOPH established organizational accreditation. Dr. Niti Hetanurak, Deputy Director-General of the Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health said that to date, 497 from MOPH and 88 from Ratchasuda College, in total of 585 Community Health Workers have been trained from these initiatives.
Professor Dr. Praphan Phanuphak, Senior Advisor on Research and Policy at the HIV Research and Innovation Institute and the first doctor to diagnose an AIDS patient in Thailand, remains optimistic about Thailand's ability to end AIDS. He believes this goal is achievable if policymakers fully invest in community-led responses and all sectors work together to support and revise policies and regulations that currently impede the work of community organizations.
Important inputs:
Satayu Sittikan, Director of the CareMat Foundation in Chiang Mai Province, noted that through Community Led Monitoring and the Stigma Index Survey, they have gathered data that highlights issues faced by the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI+) community, such as barriers to HIV testing and immediate access to treatment, as well as experiences of stigma and discrimination. These data have led to significant improvements in services at several hospitals in Chiang Mai Province.
Pongthorn Chanlearn, Chairperson of the National Task Force on the HIV Stigma Index Survey in Thailand, spoke about the community network's role in conducting this survey from 2022-2023. Covering 25 provinces, the survey provides essential data on stigma and discrimination related to HIV â a significant concern in Thailand.
Nipakorn Nanta, Chairperson of the Foundation of Women Living with HIV in Thailand, led this survey and expressed pride in Thailand being one of the few countries where women living with HIV spearheaded such efforts. The Stigma Index data amplify previously unheard voices, revealing the impact of stigma and discrimination on pregnant women living with HIV, the complexities related to drug use and sexual and reproductive health.
Suhai Nong SamaHough, Manager of the Care Team Center in Songkhla, advocated for government support in providing comprehensive services and legal support for effective harm reduction for people who use drugs.
Dr. Sunthon Sunthornchart, Director of the Health Department of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), highlighted Bangkok's achievements since joining the Fast Track Cities initiative in 2014. Through robust partnerships with communities and other stakeholders, the city has earned national and international acclaim for its efficient HIV testing, same-day antiretroviral treatment, and the rapid scaling-up of pre-exposure prophylaxis or PrEP. (PrEP is treatment taken by an HIV negative person to avoid contracting the virus, if exposed.) These efforts have resulted in a decline of new HIV infections, especially among men who have sex with men.
For media enquiries, please contact
UNAIDS Thailand | Patchara Benjarattanaporn | benjarattanapornp@unaids.org
UNAIDS
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) leads and inspires the world to achieve its shared vision of zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths. UNAIDS unites the efforts of 11 UN organizationsâUNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women, ILO, UNESCO, WHO and the World Bankâand works closely with global and national partners towards ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Learn more at unaids.org and connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube.
1 of 5
Latest Resources
1 / 11
Resources
08 April 2024
Resources
17 April 2023
1 / 11